. . membrana pupillaris_____________________________________________________________ 4e. thelorrhagia ____________________________________________________________________ 30a. . . . et ceter-a and other (thing)s (neuter) et ali-a and other (thing)s (neuter) et ali-i and other (human)s (masculine) et sequ-ent-es and those following (masculine-feminine) et sequ-ent-ia and those following (neuter) dis-ject-a membr-a apart-thrown members (= scattered remains) part-es aequ-al-es equal parts nomin-a ana-tom-ic-a names p.t. . Vertebr-a, for example (the form is the same in both English and Latin), is thus made from the combining form vertebr-o (3.20). the the small intestine, and p.t. the pancreas 21b. pancreatogenous________________________________________________________________ 21d. the chin and occiput 4a. If glossoscopic is p.t. pros/op/o/spasm a spasm of the face the chest 16a. ile/o/col/it/is the inflammation of the 33a. 1. hyperhepatic______________________________________________________ 2. hyperhepatomegalic_______________________________________________ 3. epirenal___________________________________________________________ 4. epirenorrheic______________________________________________________ 5. hypocardiac_______________________________________________________ 6. hypocardiopoietic__________________________________________________ 7. epiphlebostenotic__________________________________________________ 8. hyperhematorrhagic_______________________________________________ 9. hypoglycemic______________________________________________________ 10. hypogalactic_______________________________________________________ 244 Chapter 13: Prepositional Prefixes ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS 1. hyper-hepat-ic above the liver not excessive liver not excess livers not p.t. sutura nasalis___________________________________________________________________ 17f. acr/o/kerat/os/is an abnormal condition involving horn, involving the extremities 20c. TERMINATIONS IN -ORRH-: CONFUSED YET? 15. septum cartilagineum_____________________________________________________________ 5a. sigm/oid/o/scop/e an instrument for examining the sigmoid fold 38b. . hemapheresis___________________________________________________________________ 28b. The patient's spouse B. chyme 36b. 6. the larynx = path the nasopharynx = scopic the mediastinum = the trachea = the bronchi = the diaphragm = itic stenotic plegic graph Exercises for Chapter 6 75 7. the pleura = spasm 8. the nose = static 9. the septum = orrhaphic 10. the lungs = edematic 6.3 ANALOGIES 1. . an abnormal condition involving something through the chest e. through an abnormal condition involving the chest 6. phrenomediastinopneopenia a. a deficiency of breathing, involving a substance of the mediastinum and the mind b. a deficiency of air, involving a substance of the mediastinum and the diaphragm c. a deficiency of air, involving the mediastinum and the diaphragm d. a deficiency of breathing, involving the mediastinum and the mind e. a deficiency of breathing, involving the mediastinum and the diaphragm 2018 Multiple Choice 243 7. arthraledema neuranesthetica a. the loss of perception of something p.t. . femoroiliac _____________________________________________________________________ 33a. . 1. thrombocytemia hemorrhagica_____________________________________________________ 2. thrombosis cardiaca_______________________________________________________________ 3. varix arterialis_____________________________________________________________________ 64 Chapter 5: Circulatory & Lymphatic Systems; Glands 4. arteriosclerosis cerebralis__________________________________________________________ 5. arteritis brachiocephalica__________________________________________________________ 6. meningitis lymphocytica___________________________________________________________ 7. encephalitis hemorrheica__________________________________________________________ 8. cardiomyopathia ventricularis______________________________________________________ 9. thrombophlebitis iliofemoralis______________________________________________________ 10. myelitis hemorrhagica____________________________________________________________ 5.6 DIVIDE AND DEFINE 1a. If not, try the second. pneumotropism_________________________________________________________________ 12d. the suturing of the ciliary body c. p.t. the arms nerv-us brachi-al-is 15. the brachial thoracic vessel vas brachi-al-e thorac-ic-um or vas thoracicum brachiale 16. the artery p.t. Blurgonecrotostasis at Last was the blogline; and Blurgoplastic Blurgicocentesis Comes of Age. Blurgorrhaphic Clinics sprang up in anticipation, and Learned Chairs in Blurgotomy, Blurgectomy and Blurgostomy were confidently endowed in the expectation of a population explosion of (non-exploding, yet sick) patients. . the middle ear 2. os costale = a bone p.t. circ/um/corne/al around the cornea 3a. crystall/oid resembling crystal 65a. TERMINATION EXAMPLE TRANSLATION 1. x-iz-e (sympathize) to (do the action of ) x (finalize) to make (something) x Words of the following forms are always adjectives. hyper/trich/os/is an abnormal condition involving excessive hair 1d. By way of contrast, derivatives of Latin pater and mater (themselves cognate with English father and mother) include patron, paternity, paternal, matron, maternity and maternal. The relationships between words in Greek and Latin which are cognate with one another are usually easy to see, because their consonant sounds are, generally speaking, similar to those of Indo-European. the tarsus and tibia 35a. mandibulopharyngeal____________________________________________________________ 3b. But in combination with true locatives (28-32), or -cervic-o (33) or pulp-o (38) they function as locatives themselves, and must be translated accordingly. the abnormal presence of blood in the urine 2. chondromalacia cystica = the softening of the cartilage, p.t. Latin has no articles, which therefore must be supplied in translation. Dont settle for Medical English words like cranial and urinary; translate them into real English (urin-ary = p.t. the skull nerv-us crani-al-is 3. the cranial artery arteri-a crani-al-is 198 Chapter 11: Psychological Terms 4. the artery p.t. the flowing of (something from) x 7. xopath/o/log/ic p.t. peri/ton/e/o/peri/cardi/al p.t. the frontal and nasal bones 15. max/ill/o/ethm/oid/ec/tom/y the cutting out of the ethmoid bone, involving the maxilla 21b. Our complete medical terminology list will help you learn some of the most common anatomical and surgical terms by looking at prefixes, suffixes, and roots. Therefore the term os craniale is a bone p.t. . . anthrop/o/phag/y the ingestion of humans 6b. an arm and p.t. formation; specialized to mean easily formed; recently, by change of function, the adjective has come to serve also as a noun, presumably by the dropping of the noun from a phrase like plastic material; mamm/o/plas/ia the formation of the breasts (2.28) 46. dacry/o/cyst/o/pt/os/is the downward displacement of the tear sac Answer Keys: 5.3 197 35a. spermatopathia_________________________________________________________________ 18c. sexual desire 6a. 1. ligamenta intercarpalia____________________________________________________________ 2. arteria supraduodenalis____________________________________________________________ 3. vena prepylorica__________________________________________________________________ 4. musculi suboccipitales_____________________________________________________________ 5. sutura intermaxillaris______________________________________________________________ Exercises for Chapter 13 169 6. os epitympanicum_________________________________________________________________ 7. membrana suprapleuralis__________________________________________________________ 8. venae paraumbilicales_____________________________________________________________ 9. arteriae retroduodenales___________________________________________________________ 10. vasa intrapulmonaria_____________________________________________________________ 11. ganglion sublinguale_____________________________________________________________ 13.5 LATIN PHRASES NAMING MEDICAL PROBLEMS Divide and define the following Latin phrases. desmectasis____________________________________________________________________ 46b. . hyoglossal______________________________________________________________________ 19a. the breast p.t. x-ic-um x-ic-a x-s (2.17) cervix cervic-es (3.14) phalanx phalang-es [various endings] [adjectival] 24. x-es Masc.-Fem. . First Printing of this Edition 2020 Cover design by Michelle Sharp, Media Production Services, McMaster University Radix Antiqua Publishing Hamilton ON discipulis nostris, quibuscum et ex quibus haec discimus CONTENTS Introduction1 Chapter 1: Terminations 15 Chapter 2: General Anatomy 37 Chapter 3: Musculoskeletal System 53 Chapter 4: Nervous System; Eye and Ear 73 Chapter 5: Circulatory & Lymphatic Systems; Glands 89 Chapter 6: Respiratory System 109 Chapter 7: Oral-Dental Systems 127 Chapter 8: Bones Of The Head 141 Chapter 9: Digestive System 153 Chapter 10: Uro-Genital Systems 169 iii Chapter 11: Psychological Terms 185 Chapter 12: Substances (et cetera) 205 Chapter 13: Prepositional Prefixes 223 Appendix 1: Historical Linguistics 257 Appendix 2: Etymological Notes 265 Appendix 3: Anatomical Notes 361 Index 1: Terminations 377 Index 2: Combining Forms 383 Index 3: Terms and Phrases Defined 397 iv DETAILED CONTENTS PREFACE . the mastoid process and collar bone 8.8 1. os pne/umat/ic/um a bone p.t. the chest d. the vessels of the arm and p.t. E (< L) audit originally listen to [a verbal description of, e.g., business transactions] tel/e/graph/y the recording of distant [words]; radi/o/graph/y the recording of [something, by means of] radiation 65. the nasal 26a. mast/o/pex/y the fixation of a breast 31b. BASIC ANATOMY & MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY 1) Which of the following suffixes means "lack of strength"? the head (not ceph-al-) 14. omphal-ic p.t. the fixation of fat 19b. 6. If infrabuccometry is the measurement of something below the cheek, then the measurement of something below the chest is infrathoracometry or infrastethometry. corne/o/scler/a the part of the sclera involving the cornea 31a. . . the ingestion of acid = acidophagic; acetophagic; acetiphagic 10. p.t. 14. the lack of growth of the parotid gland is parotatrophic or parotidatrophic. hem/o/stat something which stops blood 5a. The genders are three: masculine, feminine and neuter. . If stylodysplastic is p.t. steatolytic______________________________________________________________________ 21a. membrana synovialis_____________________________________________________________ 8a. pharmac/o/phil/e one with a morbid fondness for drugs, or one with a propensity to do something involving 14b. each knee all the bones p.t. chondroid______________________________________________________________________ 40e. the buttocks 32b. . . gen/it/o/plast/y the surgical repairing of 6c. . . the glands e. the vessels p.t. 1. x-o-phagic (22, 68)________________________________________________________________ 2. x-otomic (57, 69) _________________________________________________________________ 3. x-ectomic (58, 70)_________________________________________________________________ 4. x-o-scopic (62, 71)________________________________________________________________ 5. x-o-clastic (18, 72)________________________________________________________________ 6. x-o-static (53, 73)_________________________________________________________________ 7. x-o-pathic (20, 75)________________________________________________________________ 8. x-o-plastic (45, 54)________________________________________________________________ 9. x-o-graphic (64, 76, 77)____________________________________________________________ Exercises for Chapter 1 9 10. x-o-metric (63, 78)_______________________________________________________________ 11. x-o-tropic (81)___________________________________________________________________ 1.3 CONFUSABLES As above; the terminations within each of the following groups are easily confused, but note that remembering English derivatives or cognates will often help you to distinguish them. the rectum 3. ganglion thoracicum splanchnicum = a ganglion p.t. If phacocentetic is p.t. muc/o/cel/e the protrusion of something through a mucous membrane 7b. ideas 3b. 10. a breast 4. cardi-ac p.t. dactyl/os/is an abnormal condition 14a. . optics _________________________________________________________________________ 16b. . Ashley Thomas. dent/in/oid resembling dentin 21a. an instrument for measuring the foot (podometer) Why is the first answer here the best one to go with in each case? COMBINING FORMS GENERAL 1. lumb-o (lumbago) 2. inguin-o loin lumb-us groin inguen 3. peri-ne-o (pericardium) perineum peri-ne-um 4. gen-it-o (genesis) genitals gen-it-al-ia 5. ur-o, ur-on-o (Uranus) urine; urinary tract 6. ur-in-o x-ur-ia x-ur-es-is (water) urine; urinary tract ur-in-a the abnormal presence of x in the urine the passage of x in the urine 7. ur-at-o (urine) urate 8. ur-e-a-, ur-e-o (urine) urea 9. ur-o-bil-in-o (bile) urobilin URINARY 10. nephr-o kidney 11. ren-o (adrenal) kidney 12. pyel-o (trough) renal pelvis 13. pelv(i)-o, pelv-i (full; 3.25) renal pelvis pelv-is ren-al-is 14. ureter-o (urine) ureter ureter 15. cyst-o, cystid-o (cholecyst) bladder; cyst cyst-is bladder; cyst vesic-a urethra urethr-a 16. vesic-o 17. urethr-o (urine) ren 172 Chapter 10: Uro-Genital Systems bladder vas deferens seminal vesicle prostate rectum penis glans penis epididymis testis scrotum Chapter 10: Uro-Genital Systems 173 GENITAL MALE 18. sperm(at)-o (sperm) spermatozoon; semen 19. semin-o, semen-o (seminal) semen 20. osche-o scrotum 21. scrot-o scrotum scrot-um 22. orchi-o, orchid-o (orchid) testis 23. test-o, test-i-cul-o (testicle) testis 24. epi-didym-o (upon [the] twins) epididymis 25. vas-o (5.15) vas deferens vas de-fer-ens 26. vesic-ul-o (vesica) seminal vesicle vesic-ul-a 27. gon-e-cyst-o (gonad, cyst) seminal vesicle 28. spermat-o-cyst-o (sperm, cyst) seminal vesicle 29. pro-stat-o (prostitute) prostate pro-stat-a 30. phall-o (phallic) penis phall-us 31. pen-o (pencil) penis pen-is 32. balan-o (acorn) glans penis glans pen-is test-is epi-didymis 174 Chapter 10: Uro-Genital Systems Frontal View uterine tube ovary uterus cervix vagina vulva Lateral View uterine tube bladder uterus ovary urethra vagina cervix clitoris rectum Chapter 10: Uro-Genital Systems 175 FEMALE 33. o-o (aviation) egg; ovum 34. ov-o (ovary) egg; ovum 35. men-o, em-men(i)-o x-o-men-ia (moon) menses; menstruation vicarious menstruation from x 36. o-o-phor-o (ovum-bearing) ovary 37. ov-ar-i-o (ovum) ovary ov-ar-i-um 38. salping-o (tube) uterine tube salpinx 39. tub-o (tube) uterine tube tub-us 40. hyster-o (hysteria) uterus 41. metr-o (maternal) uterus 42. uter-o (uterine) uterus 43. cervic-o (2.17; 7.33) cervix (of the uterus) cervix uter-i 44. trachel-o (2.18) cervix (of the uterus) 45. colp-o (gulf) vagina 46. vagin-o (sheath) vagina 47. clitor(id)-o, clitor-i ov-um uter-us vagin-a clitoris 48. vulv-o (covering) vulva 49. epis(i)-o (episiotomy) vulva 50. nymph-o (bride) nymphae 51. hymen-o (membrane) hymen labi-a min-or-a 176 Chapter 10: Uro-Genital Systems Part B. .147 i. Confusable Combining Forms 5 147 ii. dermat/o/dys/plas/ia the defective formation of skin 7b. If varicedema is the swelling of a varix, then the swelling of a vein is _________________________________________________________ 15. my/o/card/os/is an abnormal 7a. . Preliminary Exercises Designed to help students get started, these exercises are perhaps the most helpful for the elementary project of memorizing individual combining forms and their translations. . 3. the scrotum and groin 21b. . Take out the trivia quiz questions on Medical Terminology and Human Anatomy perfect to test out their understanding of some of the common words they will come across in the hospital. cartilage 18c. . Combining Forms (1-51) . ven/a thyr/oid/e/a a vein p.t. the surgical repairing of cartilage 33b. This is because medical authors base their books upon the definitions of words found in standard medical dictionaries, but fail to look beyond those definitions. If pelvitis is the inflammation of the pelvis, then the inflammation of the tarsus is tarsitis. . . scler/ec/tom/e an instrument for cutting out the sclera 23a. bilin ___________________________________________________________________________ 39b. . psycholepsy_____________________________________________________________________ 1c. stomat/o/malac/ia the softening of something involving the mouth 14b. . the wrist and ulna 7. ligament/a sacr/o/ili/ac/a the ligaments p.t. of a nerve cell. ot/iatr/ic/s the science of the healing of 22a. typhlostenosis__________________________________________________________________ 27b. 4 NERVOUS SYSTEM EYE & EAR Chapter 4: Nervous System; Eye and Ear 75 Part A. anthropophagy___________________________________________________________________ 2a. . Substances 94 Words with verbal terminations Words with nominative singular noun endings Rule: a collection of a substance in x ii. maxillopalatine__________________________________________________________________ 2b. the duodenum and liver 20. ligament/a sacr/o/coccyg/e/a the ligaments p.t. the softening of the enamel = enamelomalacic; amelomalacic; adamatinomalacic; adamantomalacic 10. a substance of cementum = cementin 7.3 1. . . pur/in/o/lyt/ic p.t. membrana fibroelastica__________________________________________________________ 14a. the arms and involving the chest or the arteries p.t. Study the following examples, but in your own translations use something involving. anthracometer an instrument for measuring carbon dioxide in the air anthracosis an abnormal condition involving coal dust in the lungs anthracotherapy treatment by means of charcoal 212 Chapter 12: Substances (etc.) myel/in/o/tox/ic/ity the ability to urine, produced by the liver poison myelin 51a. Answer Keys: 7.6 209 7.4 1. ganglia thoracalia = the ganglia p.t. So far you have encountered several types of nouns with nominative endings, each of which is guaranteed to denote a physical object (rather than a condition or process or treatment). an abnormal condition involving a false stupor b. falsely p.t. an abnormal condition involving iron and blood e. a tumor involving the vessels of blood, p.t. incud/o/sta/ped/i/al p.t. stylostaphyline___________________________________________________________________ Exercises for Chapter 8 105 8a. the head, involving the arm 9. thrombophlebitis iliofemoralis = the inflammation of a vein, involving a clot, p.t. lapar/o/gastr/o/stom/y the making of an opening in the stomach, through the abdominal wall 10a. pancreaticogastrostomy__________________________________________________________ 22a. the examination of the mediastinum 18a. oss/i/fer/ous bearing bones 24b. (occurring) after diabetes b. p.t. 73 A. vesical hematuria_______________________________________________________________ 16c. . Abstract and Figures. Practice in learning the terminations, however, can be had by creating a suitable translation for each word. the suturing of the epidermis of the knee b. p.t. . the chest and p.t. . . . 1 +smelt to melt metal +en/amel (see also on 7.24) +meal grindable grain; L (< G) malac/ia calmness at sea was in later Latin, by popular etymology (a morphological misunderstanding), broken into mal- = evil [> mal/ice, etc.] hem/ophthalm/us a collection of blood clots in the eye 200 Answer Keys: 5.6 5d. . Premises of this Book iv. the hardening of something beside the head is paracephalosclerotic. . . ad/ren/o/kin/et/ic p.t. the movement of secretions from the adrenal glands 37c. . If intervascular is located between vessels, then located between teeth is ________________________________________________________ 4. incud/o/malle/al p.t. The translations you generate by omitting or confusing the little words are not even close, since they both denote physical objects (a cut, or one of several cuttings) rather than an abstract process (the surgical operation called x-otomy). . . a membrane 9. hematuria vesicalis = the abnormal presence of blood in the urine, p.t. hormon/o/poi/es/is the formation of 22b. Chapter 5: Circulatory & Lymphatic Systems; Glands 105 As you move forward through the book, note carefully all combining forms that contain in one of their alternates something that may be mistaken for an adjectival ending (opt- and optic- = eye, e.g.). onychomalacia_________________________________________________________________ 24c. . the formation of flesh something involving fiber in the urine 6a. skull bone bone p.t. the abnormal presence of secretions from the thyroid gland in the blood or p.t. (43-51) But the eighth and ninth Martians exploded again (one quickly, one slowlydont ask) and then there were no Martians at all for a while. hypn/o/therap/y treatment by means of sleep or hypnotism 7b. . amyl/oid/os/is an abnormal condition involving something resembling starch 32b. ulotripsis_______________________________________________________________________ 33. osteotribe_______________________________________________________________________ 8.7 DIVIDE AND DEFINE (REVIEW) 1. geniohyoid_______________________________________________________________________ 2. labiologic________________________________________________________________________ 3. cytotoxicity______________________________________________________________________ 4. adrenotoxin______________________________________________________________________ 5. thyrotropin______________________________________________________________________ 6. meningoradicular________________________________________________________________ 7. craniomeningocele_______________________________________________________________ Exercises for Chapter 8 109 8. cleidomastoid____________________________________________________________________ 9. osteothrombophlebitis____________________________________________________________ 10. dactyledema____________________________________________________________________ 11. crinogenic______________________________________________________________________ 12. arthroneuralgia__________________________________________________________________ 13. acrotrophoneurosis______________________________________________________________ 14. ossiculectomy___________________________________________________________________ 15. ossiculum______________________________________________________________________ 8.8 DIVIDE AND DEFINE (LATIN PHRASES) 1. os pneumaticum_________________________________________________________________ 2. os frontale_______________________________________________________________________ 3. ossa cranialia_____________________________________________________________________ 4. os temporale_____________________________________________________________________ 5. ossa costalia______________________________________________________________________ 6. venae brachiocephalicae__________________________________________________________ 110 Chapter 8: Bones of the Head 7. nervi occipitales__________________________________________________________________ 8. musculus omohyoideus___________________________________________________________ 9. arteriae ethmoidales______________________________________________________________ 10. glandula pinealis________________________________________________________________ 11. glandulae suprarenales___________________________________________________________ 12. glandula thyroidea_______________________________________________________________ 13. glandulae parathyroideae_________________________________________________________ 9 DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 112 Chapter 9: Digestive System 9.1 PROVIDE A SYNONYM Provide a synonym for each of the following words. vesic/al hemat/ur/ia the abnormal 11a. corneoiritis_____________________________________________________________________ 21b. hepatocyte_____________________________________________________________________ Exercises for Chapter 9 119 20b. gingivostomatitis _______________________________________________________________ 22a. Some Latin nominative singulars consist of the combining form without an ending, but sometimes with a change of the final vowel, as femur from femor-o (32 above); most such words are neuter. hyper/nephr/it/is the inflammation of something above the kidney 4c. It is easy to become confused about the boundaries of combining forms. the neck 9. os cephal-ic-o-cervic-al-e the bone p.t. sphenoidal_____________________________________________________________________ 10b. the inflammation of the joints e. the inflammation of the joints, p.t. Blood e. a tumor involving the chest or the arteries p.t varicedema is inflammation. Chest or the arteries p.t 1. os pne/umat/ic/um a bone p.t the pelvis, then measurement! = cementin 7.3 1. out of the pelvis, then the measurement of something a. Out of the sclera involving the mouth 14b part of the ethmoid bone, a. 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